Diretrizes clínicas para tratamento da depressão: análise de fatores associados à qualidade e comparação de recomendações para pacientes não respondedores e com depressão resistente / Clinical guidelines for the treatment of depression: analysis of factors associated with quality and comparison of recommendations for nonresponding patients and for patients with resistant depression

Diretrizes clínicas (DCs) de alta qualidade são importantes para a assistência efetiva de pacientes com doenças crônicas, incluindo a depressão. A depressão é um dos principais problemas de saúde mundial, sendo um dos transtornos psiquiátricos mais comumente encontrados na prática médica, afetando cerca de 300 milhões de pessoas. Além de sua natureza debilitante e onerosa, muitas vezes pode levar a desfechos graves, tal como o suicídio, principalmente em pacientes que não respondem aos tratamentos. Assim, o objetivo geral desta tese foi identificar fatores das DCs associados à qualidade metodológica desses documentos e de suas recomendações, e comparar as recomendações para duas situações de falhas da farmacoterapia: pacientes não respondedores e pacientes com depressão resistente ao tratamento (DRT). Operacionalmente, foram feitas revisões sistemáticas da literatura em bases científicas e específicas de DCs, e incluídas DCs publicadas nos últimos onze anos que contivessem recomendações para o tratamento farmacológico de adultos com depressão. Para avaliação geral das DCs, foi aplicado o instrumento AGREE II, e para avaliação específica das recomendações, o instrumento AGREE-REX. As DCs foram consideradas de alta qualidade quando pontuaram com escores maiores ou iguais a 60% (no estudo descrito no capítulo 2) e maiores ou iguais a 80% (no estudo descrito no capítulo 3) no domínio 3 (Rigor de desenvolvimento) do AGREE II. As DCs com recomendações de alta qualidade foram as que pontuaram com mais de 60% no domínio 1 (Aplicabilidade Clínica) do AGREE-REX. Das 63 DCs selecionadas, 17 (27%) apresentaram alta qualidade, e 7 (11%) apresentaram recomendações de alta qualidade. Os fatores associados à maior qualidade foram gerenciamento de conflitos de interesses, equipe multiprofissional e tipo de instituição. A inclusão de representante do paciente na equipe também foi associada a recomendações de maior qualidade. Verificou-se que a maioria das DCs concorda com a necessidade de: reavaliar o diagnóstico, a presença de comorbidades, a adesão ao tratamento, ajustar a dosagem do antidepressivo e adicionar psicoterapia como os primeiros passos para aqueles que não respondem ao tratamento antidepressivo de primeira linha. Em relação às recomendações, há falhas importantes, incluindo a não apresentação de definição padronizada de resposta adequada/inadequada/parcial, e o não estabelecimento de tempo de tratamento necessário para declarar DRT. Todas as DCs incluíram a possibilidade de substituição do antidepressivo, potencialização com outros medicamentos e combinação de antidepressivos. Todavia, três DCs não recomendaram uma sequência entre eles. Por fim, verificou-se que das 17 DCs de alta qualidade e das 7 DCs com recomendações de alta qualidade, apenas duas incluíram definição e recomendações para DRT. Não existe consenso entre as DCs de alta qualidade quanto à definição e uso do termo DRT. Não foi possível extrair uma estratégia terapêutica convergente para DRT em adultos. Os resultados obtidos reforçam a necessidade de maior foco no aprimoramento da qualidade das DCs e de suas recomendações, especialmente nos subgrupos relativos à resposta inadequada ao tratamento e a DRT, nas quais as definições não são claras

High-quality clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are important for treating patients with chronic diseases such as depression. Depression is a major health concern worldwide, affecting approximately 300 million people. It is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in medical practice. It is not only debilitating and costly but can also lead to tragic consequences such as suicide, particularly in patients who do not respond to treatment. The objective of this thesis was to identify CPGs factors associated with the methodological quality of these documents and their recommendations. Furthermore, this thesis aimed to compare the recommendations in two pharmacotherapy failure situations: inadequate response to treatment and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Systematic literature reviews were conducted on scientific and CPG-specific databases. Reviews were also conducted on CPGs published in the last eleven years that included recommendations for pharmacological treatment of adults with depression. The AGREE II instrument was used for the CPGs general assessment, while the AGREE-REX instrument was used specifically to assess their recommendations. CPGs were considered high quality if they achieved a score of at least 60% in the study mentioned in Chapter 2 and a score of at least 80% in the study mentioned in Chapter 3 in the AGREE II, rigour of development domain. The CPGs with high-quality recommendations were those that scored greater than 60% in Domain 1 (Clinical Applicability) of the AGREE-REX. Of the 63 selected CPGs, 17 (27%) were high quality, and 7 (11.1%) had recommendations of high quality. Factors associated with higher quality were conflict of interest management, multi-professional team, and type of institution. Inclusion of a patients representative on the team was associated with higher quality recommendations. Most CPGs agreed with the need to reassess diagnoses, comorbidities, and treatment adherence. They also agreed on adjusting antidepressant dosage and providing psychotherapy as a first step for patients who do not respond to first-line antidepressant treatment. There are significant shortcomings in the recommendations. In particular, the lack of a standardized definition of adequate, inadequate, or partial response to treatment and the lack of clarity surrounding the duration of treatment required to establish TRD. All CPGs included the possibility of antidepressant substitution, potentiation with other drugs, and a combination of antidepressants. However, three CPGs did not recommend a preferred sequence for these interventions. Finally, of the 17 high-quality CPGs and the 7 CPGs with high-quality recommendations, only two included definition and recommendations for TRD. There is no consensus among the high-quality CPGs regarding the definition and use of the term TRD. Ultimately, finding a convergent therapeutic strategy for TRD in adults was not possible. These results highlighted the need to focus more on improving the quality of CPGs and their recommendations, especially in the subgroups related to inadequate response to treatment and TRD, where definitions are unclear

Un sistema experto para el diagnóstico del trastorno depresivo basado en redes neuronales / Expert System for the Diagnosis of Depressive Disorder Based on Neural Networks

Este trabajo propone un sistema de diagnóstico del trastorno depresivo para el Centro de Salud Juan Pablo II. En este centro los especialistas aplican como método de evaluación el cuestionario BDI-II (Inventario de Depresión de Beck), que limita el proceso de diagnóstico porque solo contempla la sumatoria de un puntaje como resultado final. Por lo tanto, para mejorar el método de evaluación se propone la construcción de un modelo de diagnóstico basado en redes neuronales y la adaptación del cuestionario BDI-II recopilando ítems del cuestionario asociados a sus respectivos factores establecidos: emocional, cognitivo, físico y de motivación siendo las variables de entrada de la primera capa. El modelo tiene tres capas ocultas y finalmente se obtendrá una capa de salida con el diagnostico general y específico que detallará el resultado del paciente a fin de que el especialista realice un plan personalizado de tratamiento que se ajuste mejor a las necesidades del paciente(AU)

This work proposes a diagnostic system for depressive disorder for the Juan Pablo II Health Center where the specialists apply the BDI-II questionnaire (Beck's Depression Inventory) as evaluation method, which limits the diagnostic process because it only contemplates the sum of a score as a final result. Therefore, to improve the evaluation method, the construction of a diagnostic model based on neural networks and the adaptation of the BDI-II collecting questionnaire items associated with their respective established factors: emotional, cognitive, physical and motivation, being the input variables of the first layer, having three hidden layers and finally an output layer will be sought with the general and specific diagnosis that details the result of the patient so that the specialist can make a personalized treatment plan that better adjusts to the patient needs(AU)

Periodontitis and its associated factors in patients at the faculty of southern Brazil: a cross - sectional study

To verify the presence of periodontitis, its severity, and their association with associated factors based on medical records of patients who attended the Dental Clinic of the Faculty of Southern Brazil over 4 years. This is a cross-sectional study, which included 422 medical records of patients aged ≥ 18 years. The clinically analyzed data were: plaque index (PI),bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL). Sociodemographic data, dental hygiene, harmful habits and chronic systemic diseases were described. Statistical analysis of binary logistic regression was used to verify the relationship between the severity of periodontitis and the exposure variables. The older adults [odds ratio (OR) = 2.36; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23-4.54 ­41 to 55 years and OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.49-6.09 ­56 to 87 years], and men (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.18-3.14) showed higher chances of periodontitis severity. Smokers (OR = 3.54; 95% CI: 2.05-6.12), those with hypertension (OR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.23-3.63) and with diabetes (OR = 2.10; 95% CI: 1.08-4.12) showed higher chances of developing advanced periodontitis. Advanced or severe periodontitis occurred in one-third of the patients. The findings showed that men, older adults, with systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smokers are more susceptible to severe periodontitis.

Sydney Melancholia Prototype Index (SMPI): translation and cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese

Abstract Introduction Depression is possibly not a single syndrome but rather comprises several subtypes. DSM-5 proposes a melancholia specifier with phenotypic characteristics that could be associated with clinical progression, biological markers or therapeutic response. The Sydney Melancholia Prototype Index (SMPI) is a prototypic scale aimed to improve the diagnosis of melancholia. So far, there is only an English version of the instrument available. The aim of this study is to describe the translation and adaptation of the English version of the SMPI into Brazilian Portuguese. Methods Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the self-report (SMPI-SR) and clinician-rated (SMPI-CR) versions into Brazilian Portuguese were done following recommendations of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR). This guideline includes the following steps: preparation, forward translation, reconciliation, back translation, back translation review, harmonization, cognitive debriefing, debriefing results review, proofreading and final report. Results The Brazilian Portuguese versions of the SMPI were well-accepted by respondents. Changes in about two-thirds of the items were considered necessary to obtain the final Brazilian Portuguese version of the SMPI. Conclusions Both versions of the SMPI are now available in Brazilian Portuguese. The instrument could become an important option to enhance studies on melancholia in Portuguese-speaking samples.

"Doctor Sadness": a psychopathological view of Augusto dos Anjos / "Doutor Tristeza": uma leitura psicopatológica de Augusto dos Anjos

Augusto dos Anjos (1884 - 1914) is one of the most original Brazilian poets of the twentieth century. He does not belong to a strict literary style and his poetry is marked by the use of scientific terms, by the existential suffering and by metaphysical questions. The personality of Augusto dos Anjos is described as melancholic and tormented, and he was known as "Doctor Sadness". He also had migraine. This paper reviews the biography of Augusto dos Anjos and investigates how his poetry echoes his psychopathological traits. We analyze the relations between creative genius and mental disorders. We also discuss the relations between migraine and psychopathology.

Augusto dos Anjos (1884 ­ 1914) é uma das vozes mais singulares da poesia brasileira do século XX. Sem nítida afiliação a uma escola literária específica, seus versos são marcados pelo léxico científico, pela inquietação metafísica e pelo sofrimento existencial. Observações biográficas relatam que o poeta tinha uma personalidade melancólica e angustiada, que lhe valeu a alcunha de "Doutor Tristeza". O autor também sofria de migrânea. Este trabalho revisita a biografia e a obra de Augusto dos Anjos, analisando como sua poesia repercute seus possíveis traços psicopatológicos, e discute sobre as relações entre gênio criativo e transtorno mental, além das relações entre migrânea e psicopatologia.

Violência, estressores e sinais iridológicos em mulheres com depressão: um estudo exploratório / Violence, stressors and iridological signs in women with depression: an exploratory study

Violência é fenômeno complexo e multifatorial, que representa grave problema de saúde pública mundial. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre violência, estressores, estresse, gravidade de sintomas depressivos e sinais iridológicos em mulheres com Transtorno Depressivo. Trata-se de estudo exploratório, descritivo-analítico, transversal, realizado em dois serviços de saúde mental no interior de São Paulo- BR. Foram utilizados dois protocolos compostos por questionários, instrumentos psicométricos e roteiro para avaliação de sinais iridológicos. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva e inferencial, testes paramétricos e não paramétricos (testes de associação, Qui-quadrado de Pearson, Exato de Fisher, ANOVA e Kruskal-Wallis) e regressão logística processadas no programa R, nível de significância de 5%. O estudo foi aprovado e respeitou todos os parâmetros éticos para investigações envolvendo seres humanos. Participaram do estudo 55 mulheres com Transtorno Depressivo, em atendimento ambulatorial em serviços de saúde e todas apresentaram experiências de violência ou estressores sérios na vida (variável desfecho). Para as análises inferenciais tais experiências foram classificadas em três grupos: mulheres com múltiplos tipos de violência (76,9%); violência interpessoal unicamente (11,5%), outros eventos estressores sérios unicamente (11,5%). Observou-se que 63,6% sofreram estresse precoce; 27,3% apresentaram TEPT; 63,6% sintomas de estresse atual; 32,7% apresentaram gravidade dos sintomas de depressão moderados; 63,4%sinais iridológicos de anéis de tensão compatíveis com risco moderado a altíssimo de estresse e 83,6% apresentaram lacuna na íris, com maior vulnerabilidade ao desenvolvimento de psicopatologia ao longo da vida. Não foi confirmada a relação entre a variável desfecho com: estresse, gravidade de sintomas depressivos e sinais iridológicos. Entretanto, as variáveis idade e doença psiquiátrica na família, ajustada pela presença de escolaridade e uso de antidepressivo apresentaram relação estatisticamente significativa com a variável desfecho. Este resultado permite inferir que a violência e estressores sérios podem comprometer, principalmente, a saúde de mulheres sendo estes temas relevantes para a formação de recursos humanos e desenvolvimento de intervenções de prevenção de agravos e promoção de saúde. As variáveis investigadas neste estudo se mostraram relevantes, porém, estudos sequenciais, longitudinais e do tipo caso controle, podem reforçar esta evidência e são recomendados.

Violence is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon, which represents a serious worldwide public health problem. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between violence, stressors, stress, severity of depressive symptoms and iridological signs in women with Depressive Disorder. This is an exploratory, descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study, carried out in two mental health services in the interior of São Paulo-BR. Two protocols composed of questionnaires; psychometric instruments and a script for the evaluation of iridological signs were used. Descriptive and inferential statistics, parametric and non-parametric tests (association tests, Pearson's Chi-square, Fisher's Exact, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis) and logistic regression processed in the R program were used, with a significance level of 5%. The study was approved and respected all ethical parameters for investigations involving human beings. 55 women with Depressive Disorder participated in the study, in outpatient care in health services and all had experiences of violence or serious stressors in life (outcome variable). For inferential analyzes, these experiences were classified into three groups: women with multiple types of violence (76.9%); interpersonal violence only (11.5%), other serious stressful events only (11.5%). It was observed that 63.6% suffered early stress; 27.3% had PTSD; 63.6% symptoms of current stress; 32.7% had severity of symptoms of moderate depression; 63.4% iridological signs of tension rings compatible with moderate to very high risk of stress and 83.6% presented a gap in the iris, with greater vulnerability to the development of psychopathology throughout life. The relationship between the outcome variable with: stress, severity of depressive symptoms and iridological signs has not been confirmed. However, the variables age and psychiatric illness in the family, adjusted for the presence of education and use of antidepressants, showed a statistically significant relationship with the outcome variable. This result allows us to infer that violence and serious stressors can compromise the health of women, these topics being relevant for the training of human resources and the development of health prevention and health promotion interventions. The variables investigated in this study proved to be relevant; however, sequential, longitudinal and case-control studies can reinforce this evidence and are recommended.

Análises psicométricas da Escala de Distorções Cognitivas Depressivas / Psychometric analyses of the Depressive Cognitive Distortion Scale / Análisis psicométricos de la Escala de Distorsiones Cognitivas Depresivas

As distorções cognitivas são erros lógicos de pensamentos que podem alterar a realidade do sujeito, causando possíveis sintomas depressivos. O objetivo do estudo foi construir um instrumento intitulado de Escala de Distorções Cognitivas Depressivas (EDICOD) e buscar evidências de validade baseada no conteúdo e estrutura interna, utilizando análise fatorial exploratória e o modelo da Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI). Na etapa de construção do estudo, participaram oito juízes e 27 estudantes de graduação para uma aplicação piloto para adequação dos itens. Posteriormente, 459 indivíduos, divididos entre sujeitos não clínicos e clínicos com diagnóstico de depressão, de ambos os sexos, com faixa etária entre 18 e 60 anos. Após as análises psicométricas, a escala ficou reduzida com 36 itens, divididos em três fatores interpretáveis, sendo esses, Abstração seletiva/personalização (F1), Inferência arbitrária/maximização e minimização (F2) e por último, Pensamento dicotômico/hipergeneralização (F3). Assim, a EDICOD apresentou ser um instrumento adequado de rastreio das principais distorções cognitivas, principalmente para possível uso em ambiente clínico

Cognitive distortions are logical errors of thoughts that can alter the subject's reality, causing possible depressive symptoms. The purpose of the study was to construct an instrument titled Depression Cognitive Distortion Scale (EDICOD) and to seek evidence of validity based on content and internal structure using exploratory factorial analysis and the Item Response Theory (TRI) model. In the construction phase of the study, eight judges and 27 undergraduate students participated in a pilot application to adjust the items. Subsequently, 459 individuals, divided between non-clinical and clinical subjects with a diagnosis of depression, of both sexes, aged between 18 and 60 years, participated. After the psychometric analysis, the scale was reduced to 36 items, divided into three interpretable factors: Selective abstraction/personalization (F1), arbitrary inference/maximization and minimization (F2), and finally, dichotomous thinking/hypergeneralization (F3). Thus, EDICOD presented an adequate tool for screening the main cognitive distortions, mainly for possible use in clinical settings

Las distorsiones cognitivas son errores lógicos de pensamientos que pueden alterar la realidad del sujeto, causando posibles síntomas depresivos. El objetivo del estudio fue construir un instrumento titulado de Escala de Distorsiones Cognitivas Depresivas (EDICOD) y buscar evidencias de validez basada en el contenido y la estructura interna, utilizando análisis factorial exploratorio y el modelo de la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI). En la etapa de construcción del estudio, participaron ocho jueces y 27 estudiantes de graduación para una aplicación piloto para adecuación de los ítems. Posteriormente, 459 individuos, divididos entre sujetos no clínicos y clínicos con diagnóstico de depresión, de ambos sexos, con rango de edad entre 18 y 60 años. Después de los análisis psicométricos, la escala se redujo con 36 ítems, divididos en tres factores interpretables, siendo éstos, Abstracción selectiva/personalización (F1), Inferencia arbitraria/maximización y minimización (F2) y por último, Pensamiento dicotómico/hipergeneralización (F3). Así, la EDICOD presentó ser un instrumento adecuado de rastreo de las principales distorsiones cognitivas, principalmente para posible uso en ambiente clínico

Depression in the workplace: screening and treatment

The Guidelines Project, an initiative of the Brazilian Medical Association, aims to combine information from the medical field in order to standardize producers to assist the reasoning and decision-making of doctors. The information provided through this project must be assessed and criticized by the physician responsible for the conduct that will be adopted, depending on the conditions and the clinical status of each patient.

Studying ICD-11 Primary Health Care bodily stress syndrome in Brazil: do many functional disorders represent just one syndrome?

Objective: Disorders characterized by "distressing unexplained somatic symptoms" are challenging. In the ICD-11 Primary Health Care (PHC) Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Mental Disorders (ICD-11 PHC), a new category, bodily stress syndrome (BSS), was included to diagnose patients presenting unexplained somatic symptoms. The present study investigated the association of BSS with anxiety, depression, and four subgroups of physical symptoms in a Brazilian primary health care (PHC) sample. Methodology: As part of the international ICD-11 PHC study, 338 patients were evaluated by their primary care physicians, followed by testing with Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) and World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule, Version 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). BSS was diagnosed in the presence of at least three somatic symptoms associated with incapacity. The association between anxiety, depression, and four subgroups of physical symptoms with being a BSS case was analyzed. Results: The number of somatic symptoms was high in the overall sample of 338 patients (mean = 8.4), but even higher in the 131 BSS patients (10.2; p < 0.001). Most BSS patients (57.3%) had at least three symptoms from two, three, or four subgroups, and these were associated with anxiety and depression in 80.9% of these patients. The symptom subgroup most strongly associated with "being a BSS" case was the non-specific group (OR = 6.51; 95%CI 1.65-24.34), followed by musculoskeletal (OR = 2,31; 95%CI 1.19-4.72). Conclusion: Somatic symptoms were frequent in a sample of PHC patients in Brazil. In the present sample, one third were BSS cases and met the criteria for at least two symptom subgroups, supporting the hypothesis that different functional symptoms are related to each other.

Sensitivity and specificity of the three Whooley and Arroll questions for detecting perinatal depression in Mexican women / Sensibilidad y especificidad de las tres preguntas de Whooley y Arroll para detectar depresión perinatal en mujeres mexicanas

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the Two Whooley questions and the Arroll question, using the SCID, The Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-I) as the gold standard for detecting perinatal depression. Materials and methods: We interviewed 210 women during pregnancy and 6 months postpartum. Results: The criterion with the greatest sensitivity was responding positively to either Whooley question (pregnancy= 94.7 %; postpartum=100.0%), while the most specific criterion was responding positively to the two Whooley questions plus the Arroll question (Pregnancy=90.0% Postpartum = 85.7%). Conclusion: The Whooley and Arroll questions have adequate psychometric properties to detect possible cases of depression during the perinatal period. They can be applied during prenatal check-ups and postpartum consultations. Timely detection of women at risk of perinatal depression can contribute to their treatment for reducing their adverse consequences in mothers and infants.

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la sensibilidad y la especificidad de la Escala de las dos preguntas de Whooley y la pregunta de Arroll para detectar riesgo de depresión perinatal, usando la SCID como estándar de oro. Material y métodos: Se entrevistó a 210 mujeres durante el embarazo y 6 meses después del parto. Resultados: El criterio con mayor sensibilidad fue responder positivamente a cualquiera de las Preguntas de Whooley (embarazo = 94.7%; posparto = 100.0%) y, el más específico, responder positivamente a las preguntas de Whooley más la de Arroll (embarazo = 90.0% , Posparto = 85.7%). Conclusiones: Las preguntas de Whooley y Arroll tienen propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para detectar posibles casos de depresión durante el periodo perinatal. Pueden aplicarse durante las citas de control prenatal y consultas en el postparto. Detectar de manera oportuna a mujeres en riesgo de depresión perinatal puede ayudar a su atención para reducir sus consecuencias adversas en madres e infantes.

Propiedades psicométricas del PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire) en centros de atención primaria de Chile / Psychometric characteristics of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)

Background: Simple and brief questionnaires with adequate psychometric properties are useful for the early detection of depressive disorders. Aim: To analyze the psychometric behavior of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Chile. Material and Methods: Data were collected from 1,738 adult patients, consulting in primary health care centers. The values obtained in the PHQ-9 were compared with those of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Results: The mean score of PHQ-9 was 4.85 ± 5.57. Internal consistency indices were high. McDonald's ω coefficient of was 0.90 and Cronbach alpha 0.89. A confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit of the one-dimensional model. Using a cutoff score of seven determined with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the sensitivity and specificity of the instrument were 0.8 and 0.7, when compared with CIDI diagnoses. Conclusions: PHQ-9 is a useful instrument for the screening of depressive disorders in primary health care centers in Chile.

Gender-Based Differences in Anxiety and Depression Following Acute Myocardial Infarction / Diferenças por Sexo na Ansiedade e Depressão após Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio

Abstract Background: Among patients with heart disease, depression and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and persistent. Both depression and anxiety play a significant role in cardiovascular disease progression and are acknowledged to be independent risk factors. However, there is very little gender-related analysis concerning cardiovascular diseases and emotional disorders. Objective: We aimed to evaluate depression and anxiety levels in patients suffering from myocardial infarction [MI] within the first month after the MI and to assess the association between cardiovascular disease risk factors, demographic indicators and emotional disorders, as well as to determine whether there are gender-based differences or similarities. Methods: This survey included demographic questions, clinical characteristics, questions about cardiovascular disease risk factors and the use of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]. All statistical tests were two-sided, and p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: It was determined that 71.4% of female and 60.4% of male patients had concomitant anxiety and/or depression symptomatology (p = 0.006). Using men as the reference point, women had an elevated risk of having some type of psychiatric disorder (odds ratio, 2.86, p = 0.007). The HADS-D score was notably higher in women (8.66 ± 3.717) than men (6.87 ± 4.531, p = 0.004). It was determined that male patients who developed depression were on average younger than those without depression (p = 0.005). Conclusions: Women demonstrated an elevated risk of having anxiety and/or depression disorder compared to men. Furthermore, depression severity increased with age in men, while anxiety severity decreased. In contrast, depression and anxiety severity was similar for women of all ages after the MI. A higher depression score was associated with diabetes and physical inactivity, whereas a higher anxiety score was associated with smoking in men. Hypercholesterolemia was associated with both higher anxiety and depression scores, and a higher depression score was associated with physical inactivity in women.

Resumo Fundamento: Os pacientes com doença cardíaca, depressão e transtornos de ansiedade são altamente prevalentes e persistentes. A depressão e a ansiedade desempenham um papel significativo na progressão da doença cardiovascular e são reconhecidas como fatores de risco independentes. No entanto, há muito pouca análise relacionada ao gênero em relação às doenças cardiovasculares e transtornos emocionais. Objetivo: Avaliar os níveis de depressão e ansiedade em pacientes com infarto do miocárdio (IM) no primeiro mês após o IM e avaliar a relação entre os fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular, indicadores demográficos e distúrbios emocionais, bem como determinar se existem diferenças ou semelhanças baseadas no sexo do paciente. Métodos: Esta pesquisa incluiu questões demográficas, características clínicas, questões sobre fatores de risco de doença cardiovascular e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão [HADS]. Todos os testes estatísticos foram bilaterais, e valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: Determinou-se que 71,4% dos pacientes do sexo feminino e 60,4% dos pacientes do sexo masculino apresentavam sintomatologia concomitante de ansiedade e/ou depressão (p = 0,006). Utilizando os homens como o ponto de referência, as mulheres mostraram um risco elevado de apresentar qualquer distúrbio psiquiátrico (odds ratio, 2,86, p = 0,007). O escore da HADS-D foi notavelmente maior nas mulheres (8,66 ± 3,717) do que nos homens (6,87 ± 4,531, p = 0,004). Foi determinado que os pacientes do sexo masculino que desenvolveram depressão eram em média mais jovens do que aqueles sem depressão (p = 0,005). Conclusões: As mulheres demonstraram risco mais elevado de apresentar distúrbio de ansiedade e/ou depressão em comparação aos homens. Além disso, a gravidade da depressão aumentou com a idade entre os homens, enquanto o gravidade da ansiedade diminuiu. Em contraste, a gravidade da depressão e ansiedade foram semelhantes para mulheres de todas as idades após o IM. Um maior escore de depressão foi associado com diabetes e inatividade física, e o maior escore de ansiedade foi associado ao tabagismo nos homens. A hipercolesterolemia foi associada tanto aos maiores escores de ansiedade e depressão, enquanto um maior escore de depressão foi associado à inatividade física entre mulheres.

Psychiatric disorders in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a case-control study

Objectives: To study the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes, the factors associated with its presence, and to test the reliability of a screening tool for use in clinical settings. Methods: Eighty-one adolescents were enrolled in this case-control study, including 36 diabetic participants and 45 controls. Clinical and sociodemographic data were collected and psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses were obtained from adolescents and their parents using a screening tool (Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaire) and a semi-structured interview (Development and Well-Being Assessment). Results: Psychiatric disorders were identified in 22.2% of the sample (30.56% among diabetic adolescents vs. 15.56% of controls: OR = 2.39, 95%CI 0.82-6.99; p = 0.11). Overweight (body mass index percentile ≥ 85) was the only factor associated with psychiatric disorder (OR = 3.07; 95%CI 1.03-9.14; p = 0.04). Compared to the semi-structured interview, the screening instrument showed 80% sensitivity, 96% specificity, 88.9% positive predictive value and 92.3% negative predictive value for the presence of psychiatric diagnoses in adolescents. Conclusion: Psychiatric morbidity was high in this sample of adolescents, especially among those with diabetes. Routine use of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire can help with early detection of psychiatric disorders in this at-risk group.

Clinical practice guidelines for post-stroke depression in China

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a very common complication that leads to increased physical disability, poor functional outcome, and higher mortality. Therefore, early detection and treatment are very important. Since there are currently no specific guidelines for this disorder in China, the purpose of this study was to develop PSD guidelines and provide suggestions for clinicians and related workers.

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation into Brazilian Portuguese of the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) - Long Version / Tradução e adaptação transcultural para o português brasileiro do instrumento Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) - Versão Longa

Abstract Introduction Major depressive disorder (MDD) is prevalent among young people, with a high incidence during adolescence. It is, therefore, important to have reliable instruments to capture the construct of depression in this population. The objective of the present work is to describe the process of translation and cultural adaptation of the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) - Long Version, into Brazilian Portuguese. Method We followed the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) guidelines for translation and cultural adaptation, including the steps of preparation, forward translation, reconciliation, back-translation, back-translation review, harmonization, cognitive debriefing, review of cognitive debriefing results and finalization, proofreading and final report. Cognitive debriefing was conducted in a sample of adolescent patients and their respective caregivers at mental health clinics affiliated with the Brazilian public health system. Results Results suggest that the items were well understood and that the MFQ seems to be an appropriate instrument for use with Brazilian adolescents and caregivers. Conclusions The Brazilian Portuguese MFQ - Long Version constitutes an adequate tool for the assessment of depression among adolescents. Future studies are required to evaluate psychometric properties of the instrument.

Resumo Introdução O transtorno depressivo maior (TDM) é prevalente em jovens, com alta incidência durante a adolescência. Portanto, é importante que instrumentos confiáveis estejam disponíveis para avaliar o construto da depressão nessa população. O objetivo do presente trabalho é descrever o processo de tradução e adaptação cultural do Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) - Versão Longa para o português brasileiro. Método Foram utilizadas as diretrizes da International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) para tradução e adaptação cultural, incluindo as etapas de preparação, tradução, reconciliação, retrotradução, revisão da retrotradução, harmonização, estudo piloto, revisão dos resultados do estudo piloto, revisão final e relato final. A etapa de estudo piloto foi conduzida em uma amostra de pacientes adolescentes e seus respectivos cuidadores em clínicas de saúde mental afiliadas ao Sistema Único de Saúde. Resultados Os resultados sugeriram que os itens foram bem compreendidos, e que o MFQ parece ser um instrumento apropriado para uso com adolescentes e cuidadores brasileiros. Conclusões A versão traduzida para o português brasileiro do MFQ - Versão Longa constitui um instrumento adequado para a avaliação da depressão em adolescentes. Futuros estudos são necessários para avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da escala.

Analyzing the neuropsychological characteristics and changes in serum markers of patients with chronic cerebral circulation insufficiency

Summary Objective: To investigate the neuropsychological characteristics and changes in CRP, S100B, MBP, HSP-7, and NSE in serum. Method: Sixty-six (66) patients treated in our hospital as CCCI group were chosen for our study, and 90 patients with depression were selected as the depression group. The patients in both groups were examined with CT perfusion, depression, anxiety and cognition evaluation. Their serum CRP, S100B, MBP, HSP-70 and NSE levels were detected. Neuropsychological and serum markers characteristics were compared. Results: The CBF and CBV in bilateral basal ganglia, frontal lobes, greater oval center, brain stem, and left and right regions of occipital lobes of the patients in CCCI group were significantly lower than in the depression group. The HAMD and HAMA scores of CCCI group patients were significantly lower than in the depression group; CCCI group performed better regarding attention, memory, abstract terms and delayed recall. CCCI also had significantly higher total scores than the depression group. Serum CRP, S100B, MBP, HSP-70 and NSE levels in CCCI group were significantly higher than in the depression group. The differences reach statistical significance (p<0.05). Conclusion: CCCI patients who are accompanied by minor depressive disorder have different degrees of cognitive impairment and experience a significant rise in serum CRP, S100B, MBP, HSP-70 and NSE.

Early psychiatric morbidity in a Brazilian sample of acute ischemic stroke patients

OBJECTIVE: Stroke is a major public health problem worldwide, and its neuropsychiatric sequelae are frequent and disabling. Furthermore, there is evidence that these sequelae impair recovery. Brazil has the highest stroke rates in Latin America, but data on the frequency of neuropsychiatric disorders in these patients are scarce. This study aimed to identify mental disorders among in-hospital patients with acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus (MINI-Plus) was applied to 60 patients during the first week of hospitalization. RESULTS: Psychiatric disorders were diagnosed in 55% of the patients. A wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders have been identified, mainly mood and anxiety disorders. Specifically, we identified major depression (26.7%), alcohol abuse or dependence (11.7%), specific phobia (8.3%), generalized anxiety disorder (6.7%), psychosis (5.0%), social phobia (3.3%), adjustment disorder (3.3%) and panic disorder (1.7%). CONCLUSION: Psychiatric comorbidity should be evaluated as part of the rehabilitation of stroke patients and should be carefully examined by physicians.

Propiedades psicométricas del inventario de depresión de Beck IA para la población chilena / Psychometric properties of a spanish version of the Beck depression inventory IA

Background: According to the Chilean National Health Survey (2009-2010), 17% of people aged 15 years or more have depressive symptoms. Thus, freely-available, easily-administered, and highly sensitive screening tests for depression are needed in clinical and research settings. Aim: To evaluate the psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-IA) in adult Chilean population. Material and Methods: The inventory was applied to a sample of 1.105 adults aged between 18 to 73 years (94% women). Ninety nine participants were outpatients receiving treatment for affective disorders, 932 were parents and/or guardians of students enrolled in schools and 73 were university students (sample with no known depressive disorder). To perform data analysis, two groups from the random combination of both samples were generated. Results: The inventory showed an appropriate degree of internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = .92). An exploratory factor analysis suggested a one-factor solution. This solution was reinforced with a confirmatory factor analysis, which displayed an adequate goodness of fit. The cutoff score, based on the Youden Index, was 13/14 points. It was able to discriminate between depressed and non-depressed participants. Conclusions: These results indicate that the BDI-IA is an appropriate instrument to assess depressive symptoms in Chilean adults.

Concordancia diagnóstica entre atención primaria y psiquiatra en derivaciones a Centro Comunitario de Salud Mental en Talca / Diagnostic Concordance between Primary Care and psychiatrist in Communitary Mental Health Center in Talca

Psychiatric diseases have a high presence in Chilean population. Most of the cases are treated in the primary care. Despite this, and because of their complexity, some cases need specialist care. Is important the appropriate referral to secondary care which can be measured by the diagnostic concordance. The purpose of this study is to analyze the diagnostic concordance between primary care and the evaluation of Psychiatrists in secondary level at Communitary Mental Health Center (COSAM) in Talca. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional descriptive study. All medical files of the patients older than 15 years old treated at COSAM were examined from August 2012 to November 2013. Moreover, the diagnostics of both primary care derivation and Psychiatrists of COSAM were compared with Kappa Index. RESULTS: The general concordance between the diagnostics of primary care level and COSAM was moderated (kappa index: 0.54). Higher in men than in women. The results showed a high concordance in the diagnostic of eating disorders and Dementia, a moderated concordance in the diagnostic of Bipolar Disorder and Panic Disorder. Finally, a low concordance in the diagnostic of General Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Personality Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder.Although the concordance in the derivations to COSAM is moderated, higher than international studies, the concern is in the failure in the diagnostic of the Bipolar Disorder, an inappropriate treatment can be prescribed if there is not a correct diagnostic.

Confiabilidad y dimensión del cuestionario de salud del paciente (PHQ-9) para la detección de síntomas de depresión en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud en Cartagena, 2014 / Reliability and dimensionality of PHQ-9 in screening depression symptoms among health science students in Cartagena, 2014

Resumen Introducción. La detección de los síntomas de depresión en estudiantes universitarios mediante instrumentos válidos es necesaria. El cuestionario de salud del paciente (Patient Health Questionnaire-9, PHQ-9) es confiable y ha sido validado para dicha detección en el contexto universitario, pero se desconoce su desempeño psicométrico en Colombia. Objetivo. Estimar la confiabilidad y la dimensión del PHQ-9 como instrumento de detección de los síntomas de depresión en estudiantes del área de ciencias de la salud de una universidad de Cartagena, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se estudió la estructura factorial y la confiabilidad del PHQ-9 en una muestra de 550 estudiantes para una prevalencia esperada de síntomas depresivos con importancia clínica de 25 %, un nivel de confianza de 95 %, y de error de 3 %. Se utilizó la versión en español del PHQ-9 con autorización de los autores. Se hizo un análisis factorial confirmatorio, y se estimó la consistencia interna con el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach y el omega de McDonald. Resultados. Se analizaron 541 encuestas. La edad media del grupo fue de 20,18 años (desviación estándar, DE=2,59), 354 (63,77 %) eran mujeres y 196 (36,23 %), hombres. La prevalencia de los síntomas de depresión de importancia clínica fue de 27,3 %. El análisis factorial confirmatorio evidenció un modelo de dos factores, los cuales explicaron el 42,80 % de la varianza total. La proporción de la varianza explicada por los factores estuvo entre 0,243 (ítem 5) y 0,587 (ítem 2). El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach fue de 0,830 y, el omega de McDonald, de 0,89. Conclusiones. El PHQ-9 resultó ser una herramienta válida y confiable para la detección de síntomas de depresión en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud de una universidad de Cartagena.

Abstract Introduction: Depression among university students must be screened with valid instruments. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is reliable and valid for screening depression in a university context; however, its psychometric performance in Colombia is unknown. Objective: To estimate the reliability and dimensionality of PHQ-9 as a screening instrument for depressive symptoms among health sciences students of a university in Cartagena, Colombia. Materials y methods: We analyzed the factorial structure and reliability of the PHQ-9 in a sample of 550 students for expected prevalence of clinically-meaningful depressive symptoms (CMDS) of 25% with a confidence level of 95% and an error level of 3%. We used the free Spanish version of PHQ-9 for Colombia, authorized by its creators. A confirmatory factorial analysis, and an estimate of internal consistency using Cronbach´s alfa and McDonald´s omega were obtained. Results: We analyzed 541 surveys. The average age of the group was 20.18 (SD=2.59) years old, 354 (63.77%) participants were women and 196 (36.23%) men. CMDS prevalence was 27.3%. The confirmatory factorial analysis exhibited a two-factor model, which explained the total variance of 42.80%. The proportion of variance explained by the factors was 0.243 (item 5) and 0.587 (item 2). Cronbach´s alfa was 0.830 and McDonald´s omega, 0.89. Conclusions: PHQ-9 was a valid and reliable tool for screening depressive symptoms among health sciences students in a university in Cartagena, Colombia.